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\u06f1 – \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u062a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06f9\u06f9 \u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06f9\u06f9 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0636\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a .<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u06f2_ \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06f9\u06f9 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f .<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u06f3_ \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0631\u0633\u064a\u062f\u06af\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u0622\u0646 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u06f4 _\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0634\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06f9\u06f0 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f5\u06f3 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062e \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f3\u06f1\u06f8\u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f7\u06f9 \u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0645\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06f5\u06f2\u06f2 \u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u060c\u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f  \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u061f\u061f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0645  \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the United States, if a contract includes a condition requiring negotiation, courts generally consider this obligation as mandatory rather than discretionary. Courts typically expect the parties to adhere to the agreed-upon negotiation process, particularly if the contract explicitly requires negotiations as a precondition to further actions, such as arbitration, litigation, or contract formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sample Court Decision<\/strong>
An illustrative case is Channel Home Centers, Grace Retail Corporation v. Grossman, 795 F.2d 291 (3rd Cir. 1986)<\/strong>. In this case, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit dealt with the enforceability of a letter of intent that included an obligation to negotiate. The court held that a letter of intent requiring negotiations in good faith could be enforceable if the parties had manifested an intent to be bound by it. The court emphasized the importance of good faith in the negotiation process and indicated that the failure to negotiate in good faith could constitute a breach of contract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Case Excerpt:<\/strong>
The court in Channel Home Centers v. Grossman<\/strong> ruled:
> “When parties have agreed to negotiate in good faith, a court can enforce that obligation. The failure to comply with the agreed-upon negotiation process constitutes a breach of contract.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This case illustrates how courts view negotiation clauses as binding when they are clearly articulated within a contract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong>
U.S. courts generally consider negotiation clauses in contracts to be mandatory if the language of the contract clearly indicates an obligation to negotiate, particularly in good faith. Courts can handle lawsuits arising from such clauses by enforcing the negotiation\u060c requirement and may prevent further legal action until the negotiation condition has been satisfied. The Channel Home Centers v. Grossman<\/strong> case provides a clear example of how courts may enforce these provisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 ( \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0647  \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 )<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u060c \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u060c \u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.
\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0648 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f \u060c \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In French law, when a contract includes a negotiation clause (often referred to as a “clause de n\u00e9gociation pr\u00e9alable” or “clause de conciliation”), French courts generally treat this clause as binding. This means that before a party can initiate legal proceedings, they must first attempt to resolve the dispute through the specified negotiation process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u00abclause de n\u00e9gociation prealable\u00bb \u06cc\u0627 \u00abclause de conciliation\u00bb \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f)\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062d\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Example Case: “Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Generale v. Fradji” (Cour de Cassation, May 26, 1993)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this case, the parties had a contract containing a negotiation clause. One party, however, bypassed this clause and went directly to court. The lower court initially proceeded with the case, ignoring the negotiation clause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, when the case reached the French Court of Cassation, the highest court in France, it ruled that the negotiation clause was binding. The court emphasized that the parties were obligated to follow the negotiation process outlined in their contract before seeking judicial intervention. The court held that the lower court should have suspended the legal proceedings until the parties had attempted to negotiate as per the contract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This case illustrates the French courts’ approach to enforcing negotiation clauses, reinforcing the notion that such clauses are typically seen as mandatory, and courts will respect and enforce them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u06cc\u06a9 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u062a. \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631\u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u060c \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0639\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0646\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u060c \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u060c\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u060c\u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u200c \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u06cc \u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u060c\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u06a9 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u06cc \u060c\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06f3\u06f9\u060c\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06f1\u06f4\u06f0\u06f1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/law.justia.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.societegenerale.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n


https:\/\/www.courdecssation.fr<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 …… \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062e \u06f2\u06f4\/ \u06f4\/ \u06f1\u06f4\u06f0\u06f3 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647 … <\/i>\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-89"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/vakilnaseri.ir\/Law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1693","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/vakilnaseri.ir\/Law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/vakilnaseri.ir\/Law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/vakilnaseri.ir\/Law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/vakilnaseri.ir\/Law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1693"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"http:\/\/vakilnaseri.ir\/Law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1693\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1705,"href":"http:\/\/vakilnaseri.ir\/Law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1693\/revisions\/1705"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/vakilnaseri.ir\/Law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1693"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/vakilnaseri.ir\/Law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1693"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/vakilnaseri.ir\/Law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1693"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}